Publications by S. Eis

Root systems of older immature hemlock, cedar, and Douglas-fir. 1987. Eis, S. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17: 1348-1354.

Sat, 26 Aug 2000

Differential growth of individual components of trees and their interrelationships. 1986. Eis, S. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16: 352-359.

Sat, 26 Aug 2000

Regeneration and growth of white spruce and alpine fir in the interior of British Columbia. 1983. Eis, S.; Craigdallie, D. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 13(2): 339-343.

Sat, 26 Aug 2000

Outer Gulf Islands (Landscape Units Map) 1982. Eis, S.; Craigdallie, D. Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre, Victoria, BC.

Sat, 26 Aug 2000

Reproduction of conifers: A handbook for cone crops assessment. 1982. Eis, S.; Craigdallie, D. Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre, Victoria, BC. Forestry Technical Report 31. 46 p.

Sat, 26 Aug 2000

A book review of the proceedings of our national landscape: A conference on applied techniques for analysis and management of the visual resource. 1981. Eis, S. The Forestry Chronicle 57(1): 45.

Sat, 26 Aug 2000

1981 cone crop bulletin, British Columbia/Yukon Territory. 1981. Eis, S. Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre. Joint Report No. 14, co-published by the BC Ministry of Forests. 16 p.

Sat, 26 Aug 2000

Effect of vegetative competition on regeneration of white spruce. 1981. Eis, S. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 11(1): 1-8.

Sat, 26 Aug 2000

Reproduction of conifers: A handbook for cone crops assessment. 1981. Eis, S.; Craigdallie, D. Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre, Victoria, BC. Information Report BC-X-219. 14 p.

Sat, 26 Aug 2000

Gulf Islands of British Columbia: A landscape analysis. 1980. Eis, S.; Craigdallie, D. Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre, Victoria, BC. Information Report BC-X-216. 39 p.

Sat, 26 Aug 2000

The Outer Gulf Islands are located adjacent to the southeastern coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia and comprise six major islands: Galiano, Saturna. Mayne, North Pender, South Pender and Prevost, and a number of smaller islands. They have a total area of about 16,680 hectares. At present, the islands are lightly settled, but increasing pressure for retirement and summer cottages has resulted in several unsatisfactory subdivisions. The present study provides the environmental framework for planning and a base against which future development proposals may be assessed. Pertinent available information is summarized. Eight landscape units are described in terms of their environmental and vegetational characteristics, and impact of human activity on the environment, soils and vegetation is evaluated. Four maps are included in this study.

Shore and landscape analysis of the western section of the Capital Regional District of British Columbia. 1980. Eis, S.; Craigdallie, D. Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre, Victoria, BC. Information Report BC-X-208. 43 p.

Sat, 26 Aug 2000

The western part of the Capital Regional District of British Columbia is comprised of mountainous terrain sloping south to the Strait of Juan de Fuca. It is sparsely settled, forestry and sea fishing being the only significant industries. However, because of the proximity of Victoria with a metropolitan population of about 230,000 at present and projected to 350,000 by 1995, recreational use can be expected to increase. The purpose of this study is to provide environmental background for planning and preserving the most important features of the coast for public use. Available information is abstracted and summarized. Eleven landscape units are described in terms of their environmental and vegetational characteristics and in each unit the impact of human activity on the environment, vegetation and soils is evaluated. Two maps are included in the study. On one, at a scale of 1:20,000, the shore between Becher Bay and Owen Point, west of Port Renfrew, was divided into 157 homogeneous units. The criterion for separation was that each unit differed in some basic characteristics from the adjoining units. The descriptions include the intertidal zone as well as the adjoining land. Landscape units were mapped up to 3 km inland. The second map, at a scale of 1:100,000, presents the general distribution of landscape units in the watersheds draining into the Strait of Juan de Fuca along the mapped shore.

1980 cone crop bulletin, British Columbia/Yukon Territory. 1980. Eis, S. Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre, Victoria, BC. Joint Report No. 11, co-published by the BC Ministry of Forests. 19 p.

Sat, 26 Aug 2000

Edaphological problems associated with deposits of incinerated municipal refuse. 1978. Eis, S. Reclamation Review, Vol. 1: 121-128.

Sat, 26 Aug 2000

Natural root forms of western conifers. 1979. Eis, S. Pages 23-27 in E. Van Eerden and J.M. Kinghorn, Editors. Proceedings of the Root Form of Planted Trees Symposium, May 16-19, 1978, Victoria, BC. Fisheries and Environment Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre, Victoria, BC, Joint Report No. 8, Co-published by the British Columbia Ministry of Forests.

Sat, 26 Aug 2000

Development of the root system of hydraulically excavated trees from natural regeneration and older second-growth was studied and related to crown class, soils and environment. Generally, the root systems occupied an area 4 to 8 times greater than the ground projection of the crown, but the size and configuration varied among trees and on different soils. Competition among trees and optimal stand density cannot be measured in terms of size or overlap of the root systems.

Root forms in habitats with heavy shrub competition. 1977. Eis, S. Bi-monthly Research Notes 33(4): 27-29.

Sat, 26 Aug 2000

Western community. A landscape analysis for urban development. 1976. Eis, S.; Craigdallie, D.; Oswald, E.T. Government of Canada. Department of the Environment. Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre, Victoria, BC. Information Report BC-X-153. 47 p.

Sat, 26 Aug 2000

The population of the Western Community is expected to increase from the present 22,000 to about 54,000 by 1995. To accommodate such an increase in an orderly fashion and with minimal damage to the environment, planning and provision of services must precede the development. The purpose of this study is to provide the environmental background for planning for the expected growth. Eleven landscape units were described in terms of their environmental and vegetational characteristics and each unit was evaluated for its suitability for development, resulting social costs and the impact of urbanization and resulting human activity on the environment, soils and vegetation. A map was prepared showing the distribution of the landscape units throughout the study area.

Association of western white pine cone crops with weather variables. 1976. Eis, S. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 6(1): 6-12.

Sat, 26 Aug 2000

Twenty-one-year records of western white pine cone counts were analyzed with seven meteorological variables to find if any combinations of available weather factors were associated with the induction of reproductive buds and successful development of the strobili. The weather in three periods before the physical initiation of the potentially reproductive cycle showed association with cone counts: (1) sunny weather in June, 39 months before cone maturation; (2) warm, sunny, dry weather in September and October, 36 and 35 months before cone maturation; and (3) warm, sunny, dry weather with wide daily temperature range in June and July, 27 and 26 months before cone maturation, appeared to promote differentiation of potentially reproductive buds. During and after the initiation of bud primordia, the weather in four periods appeared to be associated with cone production: (1) warm and possibly wet weather in August, September, and October, 25 to 23 months before cone maturation; (2) rain in the third quarter of July, 4 weeks after pollination and 14 months before cone maturation; (3) warm temperatures in September, October, and November, 12 to 10 months before cone maturation; and (4) sunny, warm, dry weather in May, 4 months before cone maturation, appeared to be beneficial to cone development.

Native vegetation in British Columbia's capital region. 1976. McMinn, R.G.; Eis, S.; Hirvonen, H.E.; Oswald, E.T.; Senyk, J.P. Government of Canada. Department of the Environment. Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre, Victoria, BC. Information Report BC-X-140. 18 p.

Sat, 26 Aug 2000

Native plant communities in the Victoria Metropolitan Area vary from Garry oak parkland to majestic coniferous forests. This range of communities corresponds to a climatic gradient extending from the dry, Mediterranean climate of the southeastern coastal lowlands to the moister climate of westerly and high elevation areas. Native vegetation in British Columbia's Capital Regional District offers distinctive and attractive settings for various land uses.

Douglas-fir (Brochure) 1975. Eis, S. Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre, Victoria, BC.

Sat, 26 Aug 2000

The Highland landscape. An ecological evaluation of land suitability for urban development in the southern portion of the Highland District, Capital Region of BC. 1975. Eis, S.; Oswald, E.T. Environment Canada, Forestry Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC. Information Report BC-X-119.

Sat, 26 Aug 2000

General information, history, climate, physiography, geology, soils and hydrology of the area proposed for development in the southern Highland District of the Capital Region of British Columbia are summarized. Eight landscape units were described in terms of their physical, environmental and vegetational characteristics, and a map was prepared showing the distribution of these units throughout the area. Each landscape unit was evaluated for its suitability for the proposed development, social costs and the impact of urbanization and resulting human activity on the environment, soils and vegetation. The purpose of this study is to provide the environmental background for planning a community in an area covered entirely by second-growth forest.

Eucalypts for southern coastal British Columbia. 1974. Eis, S. Bi-monthly Research Notes 30(2): 13-14.

Sat, 26 Aug 2000

Root system morphology of western hemlock, western red cedar and Douglas-fir. 1974. Eis, S. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 4(1): 28-38.

Sat, 26 Aug 2000

Root systems of nine western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), nine western red cedar, (Thujaplicata (Donn), and six Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees were hydraulically excavated in the Cowichan Lake area on Vancouver Island. All three species were similar in depth of root penetration, presence of oblique laterals and sinkers, concentration of rope-like, higher-order laterals, and fine absorbing roots below the organic–mineral interphase, on top of the hardpan and in pockets of organic or fine mineral material. Dominants had proportionally larger and more symmetrical root systems than trees of lower canopies; asymmetry generally increased with increasing stoniness and decreasing soil depth. All three species showed a somewhat greater root development on the downhill side, but exceptions were frequent. Douglas-fir had a larger root spread, roots of larger diameters and smaller taper, and proportionally greater root weight than cedar or hemlock. The density of thin, rope-like roots and absorbing roots was highest on cedar and lowest on Douglas-fir. Hemlock roots followed old decaying roots more frequently than cedar or fir, but root channels were equally used by all species.

Native vegetation. 1973. McMinn, R.G.; Eis, S.; Oswald, E.T. C.V. Stanley-Jones and W.A. Benson, editors. An Inventory of land resources and resource potentials in the Capital Regional District: a report to the Capital Regional District. Capital Regional District, Victoria, BC, a co-operative report by British Columbia Land Inventroy, Pacific Forestry Research Centre, Canadian Forestry Service, Soil Survey Section, Canada Department of Agriculture.

Tue, 17 Jun 2008

Cone production of Douglas-fir and grand fir and its climatic requirements. 1973. Eis, S. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 3(1): 61-70.

Thu, 05 Jun 2008

Thirty-six-year records of Douglas-fir and grand fir cone counts were analyzed with eight climatic variables to find which combinations of climatic factors were related to the induction of reproductive buds and the successful development of the strobili. Cool, cloudy weather during June, July, and August, 26–24 months before cone maturation, was the first prerequisite for abundant reproductive bud initiation. The second was cold, sunny weather during December, January, and February, 20–18 months before cone maturation. A wet April, 16 months before cone maturation, resulted in a higher proportion of megasporangiate strobili being differentiated, while a warm, dry, sunny June, 14 months before cone maturation, favored successful bud development. Since the prerequisites for a good cone crop include an alternation of cool, moist summers (2 years prior) and warm, dry summers (1 year prior), good cone crops in two consecutive years can not be expected. And since additional environmental prerequisites must be fulfilled, a lapse of several years between good cone crops is probable.

Root pruning in the nursery. 1973. Eis, S.; Long, J.R. Tree Planters’ Notes 24(1): 20-22.

Thu, 05 Jun 2008

Predicting white spruce cone crops. 1973. Eis, S. Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre, Victoria, BC. Information Report BC-P-07. 4 p.

Mon, 02 Oct 2006

Cone production of Douglas-fir as related to climate. Mimeographed report. 1972. Eis, S. Paper presented at the Second North American Forest Biology Workshop, July 31-August 4, 1972, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. [s.n.], [ S. l. ].

Mon, 26 May 2008

Root grafts and their silvicultural implications. 1972. Eis, S. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2(2): 111-120.

Mon, 26 May 2008

Many trees in stands of Douglas fir, western hemlock and western red cedar on Vancouver Island were joined by functional grafts. In a partially cut stand, 45% of the stumps showed evidence of continued growth and half of these (23%) were still growing vigorously more than 22 years after logging. On experimentally detopped trees, growth extended several meters up the bole. Dominant trees usually supported the growth of the root system and lower boles of grafted suppressed trees. Translocation through grafts may partially explain the frequent stagnation and slow recovery of stands after thinning from above, and may be involved in the usually rapid increase of growth after thinning from below. It is probably a contributing factor in establishing dominance and determining mortality in overtopped trees. In species that graft freely, the use of silvicides in spacing and thinning treatments should be restricted to young stands before grafts are established.

White spruce cone production and prediction of cone crops. 1972. Eis, S.; Inkster, J. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2(4): 460-466.

Mon, 26 May 2008

In September preceding the seed year, reproductive buds of white spruce can be recognized with the naked eye. The numbers of ovulate buds are a good indication of the prospective cone crop. A method of sequential sampling on a small number of trees, which enables a prediction of cone crop potential on a stand or regional basis, is presented. This advance information facilitates planning of seedbed preparation for natural regeneration, seed collection and artificial reforestation.

Lateral root pruning of Sitka spruce and western hemlock seedlings. 1972. Eis, S.; Long, J.R. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2(3): 223-227.

Mon, 26 May 2008

Roots of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) and western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla) seedlings were side pruned in nursery beds at semimonthly intervals to produce dense and compact root systems. Root pruning early in the growing season stimulated the growth of existing roots and also initiated new roots. The densest root systems were produced by pruning before the end of June. However, because of the short length of lateral roots on seedlings early in their second growing season, pruning equidistant between rows 18 cm apart was ineffective. The best compromise appeared to be to prune spruce at the beginning of July, and hemlock around the middle of July. Earlier pruning equidistant between rows can be effective on larger seedlings during their third growing season. If early pruning is carried out on 2 + 0 seedlings, a pruning distance of about 6 cm from the row is recommended.

Natural root grafts in conifers and the effect of grafting on tree growth. 1970. Eis, S. University of British Columbia. Faculty of Forestry, Vancouver, BC. Forestry Bulletin No. 7 (June 1970).

Fri, 04 Apr 2008

Reproduction and reproductive irregularities of Abies lasiocarpa and A. grandis. 1970. Eis, S. Canadian Journal of Botany 48(1): 141-143.

Fri, 04 Apr 2008

The initiation of potentially reproductive buds, microsporangiate and megasporangiate, takes place annually and is probably independent of environmental factors. Subsequent development is controlled by year-to-year environmental variation and ultimately determines the presence or absence of the buds. Determination of sexual or vegetative function of the buds is a gradual process during which the function may change. Abortion may take place at any time before the function of the bud is determined as well as during the development of reproductive structures.

Spruce or pine on dry spruce sites. Distributed to Interior Foresters, Princ George, BC. (Mimeographed Report) 1970. Eis, S. Government of Canada, Department of Fisheries and Forestry, Forest Research Laboratory, Victoria, BC.

Fri, 04 Apr 2008

Root-growth relationships of juvenile white spruce, alpine fir, and lodgepole pine on three soils in the interior of British Columbia. 1970. Eis, S. Canadian Forestry Service, Forest Research Laboratory, Victoria, British Columbia. Departmental publication 1276.

Fri, 16 Jul 2004

Lateral root pruning -- A promising forest nursery practice. 1968. Eis, S. Forestry Chronicle 44(5): 12-13.

Thu, 08 Nov 2007

The regeneration and growth of pruned roots of Douglas-fir seedlings were studied under nursery conditions. Root pruning did not decrease the height increment of seedlings. For the best development of dense and compact root systems, the bottom pruning should be done early in spring and the side pruning around the middle of June, on both sides of the row simultaneously.

Cone crops of white and black spruce are predictable. 1967. Eis, S. Forestry Chronicle 43(3): 247-252.

Wed, 07 Nov 2007

In the spring of 1963 an experiment was initiated to find ways of predicting seed crops of white and black spruce in the Interior of British Columbia. Morphology and anatomy of the buds were studied. Initiation of reproductive buds of both species started in late July. Positive identification of the buds at this stage of development required dissection under low magnification. By late August, reproductive buds of white spruce and male buds of black spruce could be distinguished macroscopically by their size and shape. It was difficult to distinguish between white spruce male and female buds and, between black spruce female and vegetative buds in the fall without dissection.

Establishment and early development of white spruce in the interior British Columbia. 1967. Eis, S. Forestry Chronicle 43(2): 174-177.

Wed, 07 Nov 2007

Survival and growth of white spruce seedlings and juvenile trees were compared on two seedbeds, three forest sites, and a range of light conditions in the central interior of British Columbia. For germination, the most favourable seedbed was mineral soil in shade on moist and wet sites; for survival, mineral soil, dry habitats, partial shade; for growth, mineral soil, moist habitats, full light exposure.

Survival and growth of white spruce wildlings and coastal nursery seedlings in the interior of British Columbia. 1966. Eis, S. Forestry Chronicle 42(4): 346-349.

Thu, 18 Oct 2007

Survival and development of outplanted 2-0 and 2-1 white spruce nursery stock, transplanted 3-0 and 4-0 wildlings and 3-0 and 4-0 undisturbed wildlings are compared. Mortality was negligible in all groups. Planting check caused a 47% reduction in height increment during the first year and 15% during the second year after planting. The height increment was best related to the height growth during the previous year and total height of the planting stock. Insignificant differences were found between plants on undisturbed soil surface and those on exposed mineral soil.

Development of white spruce and alpine fir seedlings on cut-over areas in the central interior of British Columbia. 1965. Eis, S. Forestry Chronicle 41(4): 419-431.

Thu, 19 Feb 2004

Germination of white spruce and alpine fir was similar on mineral soil at all forest sites studied and averaged 33 per cent for spruce and 6 per cent for alpine fir.

Mortality of seedlings in mineral soil was confined to the period of summer droughts. During this period maximum air temperatures approached 100° F., mineral soil exceeded 120° F. and humus 135° F. Water content of the upper 20 to 40 mm. of mineral soil was reduced below the wilting point and approximately 45 per cent of the seedlings died. The average root length of seedlings which died was 18 mm.; of those which survived, 37 mm. Greatest mortality occurred on fully exposed plots of dry habitats.

On undisturbed seedbeds, germination of both species was very low. Seeds remained suspended and had insufficient contact with humic particles. Radicles of seeds which did germinate failed to reach compacted moist horizons. At the depth of root penetration, raw humus was at wilting point a few days after rain. A negligible number of seedlings of either species survived on raw humus to the end of the growing season.

Shoot growth of both species ended at the beginning of August, while roots kept increasing in length until late in fall. The depth of root penetration on mineral seedbeds was greatest on sandy soils. At the end of the growing season alpine fir seedlings were larger than spruce seedlings.

The main cause of seedling mortality on both types of seedbed appears to be the water deficit in the root zone. Increased mortality on fully exposed plots can be attributed to the direct heating of the living tissue under water stress.

The influence of microclimate and soil on white spruce seedling development in the interior of British Columbia. 1965. Eis, S. Government of Canada, Department of Forestry, Forest Research Laboratory, Forest Research Lab, Victoria, BC. Multigraphed Report. 5 p.

Thu, 19 Feb 2004

Roots of mature trees provide a clue to regeneration of spruce in the interior of British Columbia (Mimeographed Report) 1965. Eis, S. Government of Canada, Department of Forestry, Forest Research Laboratory, Forest Research Lab, Victoria, BC.

Thu, 19 Feb 2004

Relation between cone production and diameter increment of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl.), and western white pine (Pinus monticola Douga.) 1965. Eis, S.; Garman, E.H.; Ebell, L.F. Canadian Journal of Botany 43(12): 1553-1559.

Thu, 19 Feb 2004

Cone count records for a 28-year period on 80 Douglas fir, 14 grand fir, and 9 western white pine were statistically analyzed with the annual diameter increment to evaluate the relationship between cone and wood production. The width of annual rings was depressed only during the years of cone production, suggesting that carbohydrates used in cone development were supplied from current photosynthesis rather than from stored reserve. The initiation of reproductive buds did not appear to be dependent on the level of carbohydrates in a tree and the role of carbohydrates was probably only that of nutrition during cone development. Maturing cones did not exhibit any inhibitory effect on initiation of new flowering buds. Different species may require a different combination of climatic factors for initiation of flowering buds.

The effect of cone production on diameter increment of Douglas-fir, grand fir, and western white pine. 1964. Eis, S.; Garman, E.H.; Ebell, L.F. Presented at the 45th Annual Meeting of the Pacific Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, June 25, 1964, Vancouver, B.C. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.

Wed, 11 Feb 2004

Relation between cone production and diameter increment of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl. Lindl.), and western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl.). Mimeographed Report 64-BC-7. 1964. Eis, S.; Garman, E.H.; Ebell, L.F. Government of Canada, Department of Forestry, Forest Research Branch, Victoria, BC. 10 p.

Wed, 11 Feb 2004