| Term |
Definition |
French |
|
Paint gun |
A low-pressure hand tool for squirting a distinctive mark of paint on trees and timber. |
Pistolet marqueur |
|
Parasite |
Organism that lives on or in and feeds on a living plant or animal (host). The parasite gradually weakens the host and may or may not kill it. |
Parasite |
|
Parasitoid |
An organism that lives at the expense of another (its host); impedes its growth and eventually kills it. Insect parasitoids, which are often very tiny, attack a single organism (plant or animal); from which they derive everything they need for their own growth and reproduction. One way a parasitoid does this is by laying its eggs in the body of the host insect. Parasitoids are being used more and more for biological control of insect pests, thus reducing the need for chemical insecticides. Predators, unlike parasitoids, prey on more than one organism and kill and consume their tissues. |
Parasitoïde |
|
Parthenogenesis |
Form of reproduction in which an organism develops from an unfertilized egg. |
Parthénogenèse |
|
Partial cutting |
Removal of only part of a stand for purposes other than regenerating a new age class. |
Coupe partielle |
|
Partial harvest |
Any cutting in which only part of the stand is harvested. |
Coupe partielle |
|
Particle (wood) |
A small element produced mechanically from wood. Particles can be further subdivided based on their geometry into categories or types such as chips, flakes, shavings, sawdust and slivers. Particle dimensions are typically 25 mm or less along the grain direction and of varying widths and thicknesses. |
Particules de bois |
|
Particle gun transformation |
See biolistics. |
Transformation par canon à particules |
|
Particleboard |
A panel made from wood particles, which are often the residue from other wood processing operations, combined under heat and pressure with a water-resistant binder. It differs from fibreboard in that the wood particles are larger than fibres. |
Panneau de particules |
|
Patch burning |
Burning felling debris, grass, etc. in patches for the purpose of preparing sites for group planting or sowing. |
Brûlage par placettes |
|
Patch cutting |
A silvicultural system that creates openings less than one hectare in size and is designed to manage each opening as a distinct even-aged opening. |
Coupe par trouées |
|
Patch logging |
A modification of the clearcutting system developed in the Pacific Coast region of North America, whereby patches of about 5 to 200 ha are logged as single units, separated for as long as practicable. |
Exploitation par blocs |
|
Patch scarifier |
A mechanized implement used to expose patches of mineral soil in a systematic pattern. |
Scarificateur de placeaux |
|
Pathogen |
Living or dead agent that alters the normal functions of a whole plant or part of a plant. |
Agent pathogène |
|
Pathogen |
A microscopic organism or virus directly capable of causing disease. see thinning: precommercial. |
Pathogène |
|
Pathogenic |
A parasitic organism directly capable of causing disease. |
Pathogène |
|
Pathology |
Study of diseases and the effects they have on plants. |
Pathologie |
|
Pathology |
The study of disease. |
Pathologie |
|
Pedology |
Scientific discipline that is concerned with all aspects of soils. |
Pédologie |
|
Pelleting |
Incorporating seed in a matrix of fungicide, insecticide, repellent, coloring material or inert carrier, or any combination of these, so as to form a small ball termed a seed pellet. |
Enrobage |
|
Periodic block |
The part(s) of forest allocated for regeneration (the regeneration block) or other treatment during a specified period. (3) |
Affectation de régénération |
|
Perithecium |
Flask-shaped ascomatum found in certain ascomycetes fungi and containing the reproductive structures (ascus and ascospores). |
Périthèce |
|
Permafrost |
A perennially frozen soil horizon. |
Pergélisol |
|
Permafrost |
Permanently frozen ground comprised of an active layer of soil overlying a layer of ice that varies in thickness. Permafrost is completely impervious to water because it does not thaw, although the active layer does thaw seasonally. |
Pergélisol |
|
Persistent foliage |
Characteristic of evergreen trees, that is, trees that do not shed their leaves in the fall. |
Feuillage persistant |
|
Pest |
Organism that causes serious damage to plants or foodstuffs. |
Ravageur |
|
Pest |
Any organism, whether insect, pathogen, mammal, or competing vegetation, capable of causing damage to a forest crop. |
Nuisible |
|
Pest resistance |
A heritable trait that enables an organism (e.g., a tree) to be less damaged by pests compared to its non-resistant relatives. |
Résistance aux ravageurs |
|
Pesticide |
Any preparation used to control populations of injurious organisms, plant or animal. |
Pesticide |
|
Petri dish |
In bacteriology, a shallow, flat-bottomed, transparent vessel that consists of two round rimmed plates one overlapping the other as a cover, for micro-organisms and tissue cells culture. |
Boîte de Pétri |
|
Petrochemical |
A chemical made from petroleum, natural gas, or other fossilized hydrocarbons. (See also fossil fuel.)
|
Produit pétrochimique |
|
Phenolic compound |
A highly complex organic compound that exists in every plant in various mixes, ratios and concentrations. Phenols include, for example, many plant pigments. |
Composés phénoliques |
|
Phenology |
The study of timing of periodic phenomena, such as flowering, growth initiation, growth cessation, etc., especially as related to seasonal changes in temperature, photoperiod, etc. |
Phénologie |
|
Phenotype |
An organism as observed, i.e., as judged by its visually perceptible characters resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. Identical phenotypes do not necessarily breed alike. |
Phénotype |
|
Pheromones |
A chemical substance released by animals, including insects, that influences the behaviour or development of other individuals of the same species, for example, sexual attractants. |
Phéromones |
|
Phloem |
The part of the tree that is produced through the growth of cambium cells in an outward direction. It may also be called secondary phloem. The sap produced by the leaves travels through the phloem tissue downwards in the tree. Compared with the xylem (wood) the phloem occupies a very small part of the tree. |
Phloème |
|
Photosynthesis |
Formation of carbohydrates in the chlorophyll-containing tissues of plants exposed to light. |
Photosynthèse |
|
Phyllophagous |
Feeding on the leaves of plants. |
Phyllophage |
|
Phyllum |
Taxonomic level between Kingdom and Class. Eg, phyllum Arthropoda composed of organisms with a segmented body. The body wall is more or less hardened and forms an exoskeleton. |
Embranchement |
|
Phytophagous |
Refers to organisms that feed on plants. |
Phytophage |
|
Piedmont |
The area of foothills at the edge of a range of mountains, which represents the transition between mountain and plain. The Foothills of Alberta are an example of a piedmont. |
Piedmont (ou piémont) |
|
Piercing-sucking |
Relates to an organism that has specialized mouthparts for sucking the fluids from plants, thereby causing deformities or killing the affected plant sections. |
Piqueur-suceur |
|
Piling |
Slash disposal whereby coarse woody debris are gathered into windrows or isolated piles. |
Mise en andain |
|
Pioneer species |
A species adapted to early stages of natural forest succession or growth on newly available sites. |
Essences transitoires |
|
Pioneer species |
Species that are the first to colonize a new site or a new ecosystem. They are generally shade intolerant and need a lot of sunlight in order to grow. Poplars and birches are pioneer species. |
Espèce pionnière |
|
Pit |
One of many cavities or depressions on the fruiting body of morels. |
Alvéole |
|
Pit planting |
Setting out young trees in small depressions, natural or excavated, with a view to collecting and conserving moisture. |
Plantation sur trous |
|
Planetary wave |
A wave in the atmospheric circulation, in one of the principal zones of the westerly winds, characterized by a great length and a significant amplitude. |
Onde planétaire |
|
Planing |
An operation consisting of giving a uniform width and thickness to sawn wood while removing as much as possible any surface irregularities caused by previous operations. |
Rabotage |
|
Plant tray |
A flat, box-type container in which plants are raised. |
Caissette |
|
Plant with novel traits (PNT) |
In accordance with the Seeds Regulations, Part V related to the Seeds Act administered by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, a plant variety possessing a characteristic that is intentionally selected or created through a specific genetic change and is either not previously associated with a distinct and stable population of the plant species in Canada or expressed outside the normal range of a similar existing characteristic in the plant species. |
Végétal à caractères nouveaux (VCN) |
|
Plantation forest |
Forest stands established by planting and/or seeding in the process of afforestation or reforestation which are either of introduced species (all planted stands) or intensively managed stands of indigenous species, which meet all the following criteria: one or two species at plantation, even age class, regular spacing. |
Plantation forestière |
|
Plantation forestry |
Application of forestry principles to an artificial crop or stand. |
Foresterie de plantation |
|
Planting |
Establishing a forest by setting out seedlings, transplants, or cuttings in an area. |
Plantation |
|
Planting auger |
A motorized auger used to create planting holes. |
Tarière |
|
Planting bar |
A long-handled, tapered spade used to make narrow, deep holes for young plants of tap-rooted tree species. |
Bêche à planter |
|
Planting gun |
Special devices of varying complexity which make holes by compression and either set or shoot a containerized seedling into the soil. |
Plantoir à pistolet |
|
Planting machine |
Specially designed machine that cuts a narrow trench through the soil in which seedling roots are inserted and then held in place by closing of the trench. |
Planteuse |
|
Planting spot |
The exact spot where a young tree has been set out. |
Emplacement des semis |
|
Planting stock |
Seedlings, transplants, cuttings, and occasionally wildlings, for use in planting. |
Matériel de reproduction |
|
Plasmid |
A small circle of bacterial DNA that is used as a vector to transfer genes from one organism to another. Plasmids have the ability to replicate independently within a host. |
Plasmide |
|
Ploughing |
Operation designed to loosen compacted soils and/or to pull the roots of unwanted plants out of the ground by means of single- or double-moldboard ploughs or special shaping devices pulled by a tractor, bulldozer, or similar equipment. |
Labourage |
|
Plug transplant |
A small container seedling which is to be planted and raised as a bare-root seedling. |
Plant fiche |
|
Plurinucleate |
Containing several nuclei. |
Plurinucléé |
|
Plus stand |
A stand containing a preponderance of good phenotypes, but not necessarily plus trees. |
Peuplement plus |
|
Plus tree |
A phenotype judged (but not proved by testing) to be unusually superior in some quality or qualities. |
Arbre plus |
|
Pocket of infection |
Area in a stand or plantation where a disease originated. |
Foyers d'infection |
|
Pole |
A tree between a sapling and small sawtimber size. Size varies by region, e.g., for boreal and eastern forests 12-20 cm dbh. |
Perche |
|
Pollard system |
The systematic harvest cutting of pollard shoots, with due provision for replacing exhausted or defective pollards. |
Taillis sur têtards |
|
Pollarding |
Cutting back the crown of a tree (removal of dead, diseased or unwanted branches). |
Émondage |
|
Pollination |
Transfer of pollen from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower of the same species, resulting in fertilization. |
Pollinisation |
|
Pollinivorous |
Feeding on pollen. |
Pollinivore |
|
Polyculture |
The simultaneous cultivation of a number of crops as opposed to stands composed of a single species. |
Polyculture |
|
Polymer |
Any natural or synthetic compound of high molecular weight composed of numerous repeated simple subunits (monomers) sharing pairs of electrons. Examples include plastics and high-strength fibres. (See also biopolymer.)
|
Polymère |
|
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
A laboratory procedure that provides the conditions for rapid replication of a specific DNA segment, resulting in a very high number of copies of that segment. PCR makes a DNA segment easier to analyze for genetic research, forensics, the diagnosis of diseases, or other applications. |
Réaction en chaîne de la polymérase (PCR) |
|
Polyphagous |
Feeding on several plant or animal species. Organism that develops on more than one host, eg, the gypsy moth, a polyphagous caterpillar feeds on both deciduous and coniferous trees. |
Polyphage |
|
Population |
A group that includes all possible members of a species in a territory at a given time. |
Population |
|
Pot planting |
Setting out young trees in pot-shaped receptacles having a closed or only perforated end and made of various materials, in which they have been raised from seed or to which they have been transferred from the seed bed. |
Plantation en pot |
|
Pre-commercial thinning |
Cutting in an immature crop or stand to improve crop spacing and to accelerate the diameter increment of favoured trees, and/or improve the average form of the trees that remain. Does not yield trees of commercial value. |
Éclaircie précommerciale |
|
Precommercial thinning |
Silvicultural treatment that consists in freeing trees that have good growth potential from competition by cutting the lower quality stems that are competing with them. |
Éclaircie précommerciale |
|
Predator |
Organism that hunts, captures and kills several types of prey (insects and acarians) over the course of its development. |
Prédateur |
|
Predominant |
A tree whose crown has grown above the general level of the upper canopy. |
Prédominant |
|
Pregermination |
The germination of seed, generally to the stage when the radicle is just emerging, before sowing in the field or nursery. |
Germination physiologique |
|
Preparatory cutting |
Removing trees near the end of a rotation so as to permanently open the canopy and enlarge the crowns of seed bearers, with a view to improving conditions for seed production and natural regeneration, as typically in shelterwood systems. |
Coupe préparatoire |
|
Prepupa |
Larval stage before pupation during which the insect stops eating and prepares for the pupal stage by making a cocoon, a shelter or attaching itself to an object with silk threads. |
Prépupe |
|
Prescribed burning |
The knowledgeable application of fire to a specific land area to accomplish predetermined forest management or other land use objectives. |
Brûlage dirigé |
|
Principal species |
The species to which the silviculture of a mixed forest is primarily directed, either for its (or their) economic or protective value. |
Essences principales |
|
Probe |
A short DNA fragment, radioactively or otherwise labeled, used to locate a specific complementary sequence of DNA or RNA. |
Sonde |
|
Proboscis |
Tube-shaped mouthpart used by insects to suck nectar from flowers or suck other liquid food. |
Proboscis |
|
Productivity |
The rate of production of wood of given specifications, by volume or weight, for a given area.
cf. site capability |
Productivité |
|
Progeny |
The offspring of a particular tree or a combination of one female and one male tree. |
Descendance |
|
Progeny test |
A test in which the genetic constitution of an individual is evaluated from the performance of its progeny produced by some specific mating system. |
Test de descendance |
|
Protected area |
A geographically defined area which is designated or regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives. |
Zone / aire protégée |
|
Protection forest |
All forest land managed primarily to exert beneficial influence on soil, water, landscape, or for any other purpose when production of merchantable timber, if any, is incidental. |
Forêt de protection |
|
Protein |
A functional organic macromolecule assembled from amino acids linked with peptide bonds; a product of gene expression. |
Protéine |
|
Protocol |
A legally binding sub-agreement of a framework convention or treaty. |
Protocole |
|
Protozoa |
Single-celled animal-like microorganisms whose cells have a nucleus. Protozoa play an important role in the ecology of aquatic and soil environments, where they are omnipresent.
|
Protozoaire |
|
Provenance |
1. The geographical area and environment to which the parent trees, etc., are native and within which their genetic constitution has been developed through natural selection.
2. The geographical source, i.e., place of origin. |
Provenance |
|
Provenance test |
An experiment, usually replicated, comparing trees grown from seed or cuttings collected from many parts of a species, natural range. |
Test de provenance |
|
Pruning |
Removal of branches from a tree, particularly beneath the crown. |
Élagage |
|
Pruning |
1. The removal of live branches from standing trees, termed green pruning; or of dead branches, dry pruning.
2. Removal of live or dead branches from ground level to as high as a person's reach (2.0-2.5 m) in a young stand. |
Élagage |
|
Pruning saw |
A saw specially designed to prune standing trees. |
Scie à élaguer |
|
Pulp |
Wood chips that have been ground mechanically into fibres and are used for the production of inexpensive paper, such as newsprint, or that have been chemically treated to remove the lignin and are used to manufacture higher quality papers. |
Pâte |
|
Pupal |
Pertaining to the stage between the larval stage and the adult in insects. |
Pupal |
|
Pupation |
Process whereby a larva tranforms into a pupa and later emerges as a mature insect. |
Nymphose |
|
Pycnidium |
Spherical or flask-shaped structure (resembles a perithecium, but is asexual) within which conidia are formed. |
Pycnide |
