Adaptation options - References | Natural Resources Canada

Anderson and Chmura 2009
http://tafcc.forestry.oregonstate.edu/pdf/Anderson_Chmura_2009.pdf

Adaptation Options

Employ silvicultural techniques to promote forest productivity and increase stand vigour to lower the susceptibility to drought or insect attack

Bernier and Schoene 2009
http://www.fao.org/3/a-i0670e.pdf

Adaptation Options

Plant seedlings from a range of seed sources, particularly from more southern or lower-elevation populations; plant genetically modified species and identify more suitable genotypes
Adapt silvicultural rules and practices to ensure the growth rate of trees is maintained or enhanced. For instance, use pre-commercial thinning or selectively remove suppressed damage or poor quality individuals to increase resource availability to the remaining trees.
Develop forest harvest and regeneration patterns that generate a diversity of stand ages and compositions over landscapes to reduce forest vulnerability to future insect and disease outbreaks
Maintain a diverse and heterogeneous landscape (mixture of stand age, composition and structure) by applying various silvicultural techniques
Develop the bioenergy market using wood from disturbed areas
Include disturbances in management rules and forest management plans; develop an enhanced capacity for risk management; apply ecosystem management approaches
Plan landscapes to minimize the spread of insects and diseases
Support research on climate change, climate impacts and climate change adaptations and increase resources for basic climate change impacts and adaptation science
Support knowledge exchange, technology transfer, capacity building and information sharing on climate change; maintain or improve capacity for communications and networking
Prepare for increases in wildfire activity
Develop flexible forest management policies, plans and practices that are capable of responding to changes
Practice adaptive management: rigorously combine management, research, monitoring, and means of changing practices so that credible information is gained and management activities are modified by experience; include risk assessment practices
Develop flexible forest management plans and policies that are capable of responding to changes
Evaluate the adequacy of existing environmental and biological monitoring networks for tracking the impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems, identify inadequacies and gaps in these networks and identify options to address them

Blate et al. 2009
http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_2009_blate_g001.pdf

Adaptation Options

Integrated multi-sector land management to reduce current stress factors and their cumulative impacts: 1) Regulate atmospheric pollutants or CO₂ emissions or use forest management as a CO₂ sink. 2) Manage tourism, recreation and grazing impacts. 3) Restore degraded areas to maintain genetic diversity and promote ecosystem health. 4) Reduce landscape fragmentation.
Adapt silvicultural rules and practices to ensure the growth rate of trees is maintained or enhanced. For instance, use pre-commercial thinning or selectively remove suppressed damage or poor quality individuals to increase resource availability to the remaining trees.
Develop 'disturbance-smart' landscapes
Use prescribed burning or other fuel treatments to reduce fire risk and reduce forest vulnerability to insect outbreaks
Maintain or restore natural fire regimes where historical fire cycles have been disrupted by past fire exclusion and made them more vulnerable to severe future fires
Develop corridors for species migration and habitat protection; provide buffer zones for adjustment of reserve boundaries; consider riparian habitats and ecological transitional zones
Review genetic guidelines for reforestation: relax rules governing the movement of seed stocks from one area to another; examine options for modifying seed transfer limits and systems
Redesign roads and trails to withstand increased rainfall intensity
Include climate change considerations when planning, constructing, or replacing infrastructure
Enhance the early detection and response strategy associated with non-native invasive species
Establish stronger relationships between scientific researchers and management to help identify resilience thresholds for key species and ecosystem processes, determine which thresholds will be exceeded, prioritize projects with a high probability of success and identify species and vegetation structures tolerant of increased disturbances
Increase technical understanding by developing educational material for employees and stakeholders
Incorporate long-term climate change into wildland fire planning
Evaluate recreational impact on ecosystems under a changing climate
Expand recreational opportunities across all four seasons

Brown 2009
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11027-009-9183-8

Adaptation Options

Foster learning and innovation and conduct research to determine when and where to implement adaptive responses

Burton and Macdonald 2011
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg28/ref28&dbid=16&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.14214%2Fsf.74

Adaptation Options

Implement restoration options to recover structural or compositional heterogeneity lost through past management practices

Burton et al. 2010 (Ch. 14)
http://www.iufro.org/science/special/wfse/forests-society-global-drivers/

Adaptation Options

Develop experiments (e.g., planting and silvicultural trials) that test management approaches for enhancing resilience or facilitating
Remove barriers and develop incentives to adapt to climate change; encourage local and community-based adaptation planning, informed by local knowledge and empowered with more local control
Develop flexible forest management policies, plans and practices that are capable of responding to changes
Modify objectives for sustainable forest management, including reduction of expectations and the means we use to achieve them

Campbell et al. 2009
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Tr/Tr055.htm

Adaptation Options

Proactively control invasive species (plants, insects, diseases)
Planting logged sites with species or populations expected to be adapted to the new climate
Plant seedlings from a range of seed sources, particularly from more southern or lower-elevation populations; plant genetically modified species and identify more suitable genotypes
Underplant with other species or genotypes where the current advanced regeneration is unacceptable
Develop forest harvest and regeneration patterns that generate a diversity of stand ages and compositions over landscapes to reduce forest vulnerability to future insect and disease outbreaks
Vary the shape and size of clearcuts, and leave patches or stream buffers to reduce vulnerability to potential for increased windthrow disturbance
Plant species mixes that occur following natural disturbances
Plant genotypes or species that are tolerant of drought, insects and/or disease and fire
Use prescribed burning or other fuel treatments to reduce fire risk and reduce forest vulnerability to insect outbreaks
Plant broader and new mixes of tree species over landscapes
Plant species over a broader range of environments
Maximize forested areas by quickly regenerating any degraded areas
Manage for the maintenance of complexity and diversity of responses to changing conditions
Maintain or restore natural fire regimes where historical fire cycles have been disrupted by past fire exclusion and made them more vulnerable to severe future fires
Use silvicultural systems that maintain genetic, species and landscape diversity
Conduct research comparing tree species growth and regeneration at the margins of species ranges
Develop experiments (e.g., planting and silvicultural trials) that test management approaches for enhancing resilience or facilitating
Study changes in ecosystem transition areas
Bank surplus seed
Design and establish long-term multi-species/seedlot trials to test improved genotypes across a diverse array of climatic and latitudinal environments
Include disturbances in management rules and forest management plans; develop an enhanced capacity for risk management; apply ecosystem management approaches
Combine ecosystem process models with spatial landscape models. Link ecosystem process models to spatially explicit landscape models
Delineate bioclimatic envelopes and project changes
Develop process-based models of species range shifts and ecosystem changes
Historical information from extreme climate effects may provide some information about cumulative responses to climate conditions outside the bounds of recent history
Study population responses to climate change with a focus on growth, reproductive processes, recruitment rates, mortality, and demography, particularly for ecologically significant (keystone and dominant) species and economically important species
Monitor changes in hydrologic regimes, such as shifts in seasonal precipitation patterns (i.e., rain vs. snow) and changes in precipitation intensity, in relation to their impact on ecosystems, vegetation, and tree growth
Monitor changes in key processes (e.g., nutrient and hydrological cycles) for vulnerable ecosystems, and measure their effects on vegetation

Chapin III et al. 2006
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg39/ref39&dbid=16&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.1073%2Fpnas.0606955103

Adaptation Options

Integrated multi-sector land management to reduce current stress factors and their cumulative impacts: 1) Regulate atmospheric pollutants or CO₂ emissions or use forest management as a CO₂ sink. 2) Manage tourism, recreation and grazing impacts. 3) Restore degraded areas to maintain genetic diversity and promote ecosystem health. 4) Reduce landscape fragmentation.
Enhance awareness and understanding of climate change in the forest sector: communications, debate, education
Enhance dialogue amongst stakeholder groups to establish priorities for action on climate change adaptation in the forest sector
Foster learning and innovation and conduct research to determine when and where to implement adaptive responses
Provide incentives and remove barriers to enhancing carbon sinks and reducing greenhouse gas emissions
Practice adaptive management: rigorously combine management, research, monitoring, and means of changing practices so that credible information is gained and management activities are modified by experience; include risk assessment practices
Diversify economy (forest, regional)

Chapin III et al. 2010
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg40/ref40&dbid=16&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.1016%2Fj.tree.2009.10.008

Adaptation Options

Protect high evolutionary potential areas, including biodiversity hotspots
Enhance dialogue amongst stakeholder groups to establish priorities for action on climate change adaptation in the forest sector
Foster learning and innovation and conduct research to determine when and where to implement adaptive responses

Cleland et al. 2007
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg249/ref249&dbid=16&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.1016%2Fj.tree.2007.04.003

Adaptation Options

Study the synchrony between trees and animals (phenology of the development) both in parasitic and mutualistic relationships with a focus on keystone species
Conduct reciprocal transplant experiments for key species

Coalition bois Québec 2012
http://www.coalitionbois.org/en

Adaptation Options

Develop marketing strategies aimed at recasting wood products as having climate-friendly, carbon-sequestering properties

Drever et al. 2006
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg53/ref53&dbid=20&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.1139%2Fx06-132

Adaptation Options

Develop forest harvest and regeneration patterns that generate a diversity of stand ages and compositions over landscapes to reduce forest vulnerability to future insect and disease outbreaks

Gauthier et al. 1996
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg68/ref68&dbid=16&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.2307%2F2261476

Adaptation Options

Gauthier et al. 2009b
https://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/publications?id=31060

Adaptation Options

Maintain a diverse and heterogeneous landscape (mixture of stand age, composition and structure) by applying various silvicultural techniques
Include disturbances in management rules and forest management plans; develop an enhanced capacity for risk management; apply ecosystem management approaches

Gray 2005
http://pubs.cif-ifc.org/doi/abs/10.5558/tfc81655-5

Adaptation Options

Foster learning and innovation and conduct research to determine when and where to implement adaptive responses

Heller and Zavaleta 2009
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000632070800387X

Adaptation Options

Develop corridors for species migration and habitat protection; provide buffer zones for adjustment of reserve boundaries; consider riparian habitats and ecological transitional zones

Hirsch et al. 2001
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg95/ref95&dbid=16&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.5558%2Ftfc77357-2

Adaptation Options

Develop 'disturbance-smart' landscapes
Develop fire-smart landscapes around communities; develop strategies at the wildland-urban interface

Jactel et al. 2009
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1051%2Fforest%2F2009054

Adaptation Options

Employ silvicultural techniques to promote forest productivity and increase stand vigour to lower the susceptibility to drought or insect attack

Johnston and Williamson 2005
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg113/ref113&dbid=16&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.5558%2Ftfc81683-5

Adaptation Options

Examine the suitability of current road construction standards and stream crossings to ensure they adequately mitigate the potential impacts on fish and potable water of changes in timing and volume of peak flows

Johnston et al. 2009
http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/pubwarehouse/pdfs/30276.pdf

Adaptation Options

Proactively control invasive species (plants, insects, diseases)
Adapt silvicultural rules and practices to ensure the growth rate of trees is maintained or enhanced. For instance, use pre-commercial thinning or selectively remove suppressed damage or poor quality individuals to increase resource availability to the remaining trees.
Reduce the rotation age followed by planting to speed the establishment of better adapted species
Plant genotypes or species that are tolerant of drought, insects and/or disease and fire
Use prescribed burning or other fuel treatments to reduce fire risk and reduce forest vulnerability to insect outbreaks
Assisted range expansion: regional expansion of northern, inland, or upper elevational limit of species for reforestation to track climatic niches
Maximize forested areas by quickly regenerating any degraded areas
Protect most highly threatened species ex situ. For instance, create artificial reserves or aboreta to preserve rare species
Assist changes in the distribution of species by introducing them to new areas
Develop corridors for species migration and habitat protection; provide buffer zones for adjustment of reserve boundaries; consider riparian habitats and ecological transitional zones
Focus management on currently productive sites and those likely to remain more productive under future climates, and reduce efforts on poor sites
Assist population expansion: movement of populations within a species range to improve productivity and health in new climates
Adjust harvest schedules to harvest stands most vulnerable to insect outbreaks
Reduce disease losses through sanitation cuts that remove infected trees
Develop technology to use altered wood quality and tree species composition, modify wood processing technology
Shorten the rotation length to decrease the period of stand vulnerability to disturbances and to facilitate change to more suitable species
Incorporate new knowledge about the future climate and forest management plans and policies

Johnston et al. 2010
http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/pubwarehouse/pdfs/31584.pdf

Adaptation Options

Modify seed transfer zones
Plant alternative genotypes or new species in anticipation of future climate
Develop 'disturbance-smart' landscapes
Manage for the maintenance of complexity and diversity of responses to changing conditions
Maintain a diverse and heterogeneous landscape (mixture of stand age, composition and structure) by applying various silvicultural techniques
Use silvicultural systems that maintain genetic, species and landscape diversity
Develop corridors for species migration and habitat protection; provide buffer zones for adjustment of reserve boundaries; consider riparian habitats and ecological transitional zones
Prepare for reduced winter harvest
Include climate change considerations when planning, constructing, or replacing infrastructure
At the operational level, plan logging, salvage logging and environmental protection with disturbance-triggered contingencies in mind
Develop technology to use altered wood quality and tree species composition, modify wood processing technology
Prepare for variable timber supply
Plan landscapes to minimize the spread of insects and diseases
Increase the proportion of salvage logging as part of overall sustainable harvest levels
Shorten the rotation length to decrease the period of stand vulnerability to disturbances and to facilitate change to more suitable species
Enhance awareness and understanding of climate change in the forest sector: communications, debate, education
Include climate variables in growth and yield models and incorporate climate change effects into long-term timber supply analysis and forest management plans
Expand conservation education programs to include climate change
Agree on standardized climate scenarios for analysis
Engage the public in a dialogue on values and management under a changing climate
Incorporate climate change into land use plans and consider the possibility of land use changes at specific locales (forest to agriculture and vice versa)
Prepare for increases in wildfire activity
Redesign and/or implement society's institutions that facilitate cost-effective and economically efficient adaptation and that provide forest managers with the tools necessary to achieve forest management objectives
Modify objectives for sustainable forest management, including reduction of expectations and the means we use to achieve them
Monitor to determine when and what changes are occurring
Diversify society

Joyce et al. 2008
http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=180143

Adaptation Options

Integrated multi-sector land management to reduce current stress factors and their cumulative impacts: 1) Regulate atmospheric pollutants or CO₂ emissions or use forest management as a CO₂ sink. 2) Manage tourism, recreation and grazing impacts. 3) Restore degraded areas to maintain genetic diversity and promote ecosystem health. 4) Reduce landscape fragmentation.

Kolström et al. 2011
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg125/ref125&dbid=16&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.3390%2Ff2040961

Adaptation Options

Include disturbances in management rules and forest management plans; develop an enhanced capacity for risk management; apply ecosystem management approaches

Konkin and Hopkins 2009
http://www.fao.org/3/a-i0670e.pdf

Adaptation Options

Integrated multi-sector land management to reduce current stress factors and their cumulative impacts: 1) Regulate atmospheric pollutants or CO₂ emissions or use forest management as a CO₂ sink. 2) Manage tourism, recreation and grazing impacts. 3) Restore degraded areas to maintain genetic diversity and promote ecosystem health. 4) Reduce landscape fragmentation.

Krankina et al. 1997
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg127/ref127&dbid=16&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.1023%2FA%3A1005348614843

Adaptation Options

Minimize soil disturbance through low impact harvesting activities

Kuuluvainen 2002
http://cel.webofknowledge.com/InboundService.do?product=CEL&SID=2D6uJJSKUrKyOliyeoQ&UT=WOS%3A000175566700001&SrcApp=literatum&action=retrieve&Init=Yes&SrcAuth=atyponcel&Func=Frame&customersID=atyponcel&IsProductCode=Yes&mode=FullRecord

Adaptation Options

Implement restoration options to recover structural or compositional heterogeneity lost through past management practices

Le Goff et al. 2005
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg137/ref137&dbid=16&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.5558%2Ftfc81582-4

Adaptation Options

At the operational level, plan logging, salvage logging and environmental protection with disturbance-triggered contingencies in mind

Lemmen et al. 2008
http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/environment/resources/publications/impacts-adaptation/reports/assessments/2008/10253

Adaptation Options

Prepare for reduced winter harvest

Lemprière et al. 2008
http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/pubwarehouse/pdfs/29154.pdf

Adaptation Options

Enhance awareness and understanding of climate change in the forest sector: communications, debate, education
Expand conservation education programs to include climate change
Agree on standardized climate scenarios for analysis

Lemprière et al. 2013
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg141/ref141&dbid=20&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0039

Adaptation Options

Integrated multi-sector land management to reduce current stress factors and their cumulative impacts: 1) Regulate atmospheric pollutants or CO₂ emissions or use forest management as a CO₂ sink. 2) Manage tourism, recreation and grazing impacts. 3) Restore degraded areas to maintain genetic diversity and promote ecosystem health. 4) Reduce landscape fragmentation.

Lindenmayer et al. 2008
https://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/publications?id=28915

Adaptation Options

At the operational level, plan logging, salvage logging and environmental protection with disturbance-triggered contingencies in mind

Littell et al. 2012
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg147/ref147&dbid=16&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.1007%2Fs10584-011-0066-0

Adaptation Options

Establish stronger relationships between scientific researchers and management to help identify resilience thresholds for key species and ecosystem processes, determine which thresholds will be exceeded, prioritize projects with a high probability of success and identify species and vegetation structures tolerant of increased disturbances

Locatelli et al. 2008
http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/media/CIFOR_adaptation.pdf

Adaptation Options

Develop 'disturbance-smart' landscapes
Use prescribed burning or other fuel treatments to reduce fire risk and reduce forest vulnerability to insect outbreaks
Adopt risk assessment and adaptive management principles

Locatelli et al. 2008 - http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/media/CIFOR_adaptation.pdf
http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/media/CIFOR_adaptation.pdf

Adaptation Options

McAfee et al. 2010 (Ch. 22)
http://www.iufro.org/science/special/wfse/forests-society-global-drivers/

Adaptation Options

Allocate forest landbase using a triad approach to landscape zoning; allow high-intensity forestry in productive areas projected to remain relatively stable in climate
Adopt risk assessment and adaptive management principles

Millar et al. 2007
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg161/ref161&dbid=16&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.1890%2F06-1715.1

Adaptation Options

Develop forest harvest and regeneration patterns that generate a diversity of stand ages and compositions over landscapes to reduce forest vulnerability to future insect and disease outbreaks
Use prescribed burning or other fuel treatments to reduce fire risk and reduce forest vulnerability to insect outbreaks
Assisted range expansion: regional expansion of northern, inland, or upper elevational limit of species for reforestation to track climatic niches
Manage for the maintenance of complexity and diversity of responses to changing conditions

Namroud et al. 2008
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg251/ref251&dbid=16&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2008.03840.x

Adaptation Options

Use genomics approaches to generate genetic data and molecular tools for i) identifying forest tree species and populations that are vulnerable to climate change, ii) supporting breeding programs and migration initiatives, and iii) refining models used to predict species distribution and productivity under climate change.

O'Neill et al. 2008
https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/docs/tr/tr048.pdf

Adaptation Options

Assisted range expansion: regional expansion of northern, inland, or upper elevational limit of species for reforestation to track climatic niches

Ogden and Innes 2007
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg171/ref171&dbid=16&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.1505%2Fifor.9.3.713

Adaptation Options

Proactively control invasive species (plants, insects, diseases)
Integrated multi-sector land management to reduce current stress factors and their cumulative impacts: 1) Regulate atmospheric pollutants or CO₂ emissions or use forest management as a CO₂ sink. 2) Manage tourism, recreation and grazing impacts. 3) Restore degraded areas to maintain genetic diversity and promote ecosystem health. 4) Reduce landscape fragmentation.
Work with others to ensure that stressors outside the control of the forest manager are minimized
Plant alternative genotypes or new species in anticipation of future climate
Employ vegetation control techniques to offset drought
Enhance forest growth through forest fertilization
Plant seedlings from a range of seed sources, particularly from more southern or lower-elevation populations; plant genetically modified species and identify more suitable genotypes
Adapt silvicultural rules and practices to ensure the growth rate of trees is maintained or enhanced. For instance, use pre-commercial thinning or selectively remove suppressed damage or poor quality individuals to increase resource availability to the remaining trees.
Underplant with other species or genotypes where the current advanced regeneration is unacceptable
Reduce the rotation age followed by planting to speed the establishment of better adapted species
Develop 'disturbance-smart' landscapes
Develop forest harvest and regeneration patterns that generate a diversity of stand ages and compositions over landscapes to reduce forest vulnerability to future insect and disease outbreaks
Actively manage forest pests
Employ silvicultural techniques to promote forest productivity and increase stand vigour to lower the susceptibility to drought or insect attack
Plant genotypes or species that are tolerant of drought, insects and/or disease and fire
Use prescribed burning or other fuel treatments to reduce fire risk and reduce forest vulnerability to insect outbreaks
Maximize forested areas by quickly regenerating any degraded areas
Allow forests to regenerate naturally following disturbances when possible
Enhance forest recovery after disturbances
Maintain or restore natural fire regimes where historical fire cycles have been disrupted by past fire exclusion and made them more vulnerable to severe future fires
Minimize fragmentation of habitat and maintain connectivity
Maintain a diverse and heterogeneous landscape (mixture of stand age, composition and structure) by applying various silvicultural techniques
Minimize density of permanent road networks and decommission and rehabilitate roads to maximize productive forest areas
Practice low-intensity forestry and prevent conversion to plantations
Protect most highly threatened species ex situ. For instance, create artificial reserves or aboreta to preserve rare species
Assist changes in the distribution of species by introducing them to new areas
Maintain representative forest types across environmental gradients in reserves; protect forest largely undisturbed by human activities; protect climate refugia at multiple scales
Identify and protect functional groups and keystone species
Develop corridors for species migration and habitat protection; provide buffer zones for adjustment of reserve boundaries; consider riparian habitats and ecological transitional zones
Maintain diversity in genes, species, and ecosystem conditions
Adopt practices such as maintaining, decommissioning, rehabilitating roads to minimize sediment runoff due to increased precipitation and melting of permafrost
Limit harvesting operations to the winter to minimize road construction and soil disturbance
Minimize soil disturbance through low impact harvesting activities
Decommission and rehabilitate roads to maximize forest sinks
Enhance forest growth and carbon sequestration through forest fertilization
Minimize density of permanent road network to maximize forest sinks
Minimize risk of the forest ecosystem becoming a net source of carbon
Modify thinning practices (timing, intensity) and rotation length to increase growth and turnover of carbon
Conduct an assessment of greenhouse gas emissions produced by internal operations
Allocate forest landbase using a triad approach to landscape zoning; allow high-intensity forestry in productive areas projected to remain relatively stable in climate
Decrease impact of natural disturbances on carbon stocks by managing fire and forest pests
Identify areas where deforestation may be avoided
Identify areas where forests have been degraded and can be rehabilitated
Minimize soil disturbance through low-impact harvesting activities
Practice low-intensity forestry and prevent conversion to plantations
Reduce forest degradation and avoid deforestation
Provide opportunities for forest management activities to be included in carbon trading systems
Develop a gene management program to maintain diverse gene pools
Include climate variables in growth and yield models in order to have more specific predictions on the future development of forests
Examine the suitability of current road construction standards and stream crossings to ensure they adequately mitigate the potential impacts on fish and potable water of changes in timing and volume of peak flows
Adapt silvicultural rules and practices to maintain optimum species-site relationships
Review genetic guidelines for reforestation: relax rules governing the movement of seed stocks from one area to another; examine options for modifying seed transfer limits and systems
Design and establish long-term multi-species/seedlot trials to test improved genotypes across a diverse array of climatic and latitudinal environments
Re-assess river and stream peak flows and link them to bridge and road design standards
Re-assess terrain stability maps in light of changing ground conditions associated with climate change
Avoid constructing roads in landslide-prone terrain where increased precipitation and melting of permafrost may increase hazard of slope failure
Include disturbances in management rules and forest management plans; develop an enhanced capacity for risk management; apply ecosystem management approaches
At the operational level, plan logging, salvage logging and environmental protection with disturbance-triggered contingencies in mind
Breed for pest resistance and for a wider tolerance to a range of climate stresses and extremes in specific genotypes
Protect higher value areas from fire through fire-smart techniques
Adjust harvest schedules to harvest stands most vulnerable to insect outbreaks
Reduce disease losses through sanitation cuts that remove infected trees
Develop technology to use altered wood quality and tree species composition, modify wood processing technology
Increase the proportion of salvage logging as part of overall sustainable harvest levels
Shorten the rotation length to decrease the period of stand vulnerability to disturbances and to facilitate change to more suitable species
Adopt policies to ensure that disruption of ecosystems by non-native species is avoided to maintain integrity
Development of forest management plans that reduce vulnerability of forests and forest-dependent communities to climate change
Establish objectives for the future forest under climate change
Make choices about the preferred tree species composition for the future
Increase awareness about the potential impact of climate change and encourage proactive actions, e.g., climate change impacts on the fire regime and proactive actions in regard to fuel management and community protection
Enhance dialogue amongst stakeholder groups to establish priorities for action on climate change adaptation in the forest sector
Support research on climate change, climate impacts and climate change adaptations and increase resources for basic climate change impacts and adaptation science
Encourage societal adaptation
Enhance capacity to undertake integrated assessments of system vulnerabilities at various scales
Review forest policies, forest planning, forest management approaches and society's institutions to assess our ability to achieve social objectives under climate change
Support knowledge exchange, technology transfer, capacity building and information sharing on climate change; maintain or improve capacity for communications and networking
Incorporate new knowledge about the future climate and forest management plans and policies
Include climate variables in growth and yield models and incorporate climate change effects into long-term timber supply analysis and forest management plans
Foster learning and innovation and conduct research to determine when and where to implement adaptive responses
Anticipate variability and change and conduct vulnerability assessments at a regional scale
Remove barriers and develop incentives to adapt to climate change; encourage local and community-based adaptation planning, informed by local knowledge and empowered with more local control
Provide incentives and remove barriers to enhancing carbon sinks and reducing greenhouse gas emissions
Involve the public in an assessment of forest management adaptation options
Provide long-term tenures to encourage long-term considerations within short-term decisions
Develop flexible forest management policies, plans and practices that are capable of responding to changes
Practice adaptive management: rigorously combine management, research, monitoring, and means of changing practices so that credible information is gained and management activities are modified by experience; include risk assessment practices
Measure, monitor and report on indicators of climate change and sustainable forest management to determine the state of the forest and identify when critical thresholds are reached
Develop flexible forest management plans and policies that are capable of responding to changes
Evaluate the adequacy of existing environmental and biological monitoring networks for tracking the impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems, identify inadequacies and gaps in these networks and identify options to address them
Adopt a holistic management approach such as ecosystem management that balances timber and non-timber goods and services
Diversify economy (forest, regional)

Ogden and Innes 2008
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg172/ref172&dbid=16&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.1007%2Fs11027-008-9144-7

Adaptation Options

Proactively control invasive species (plants, insects, diseases)
Integrated multi-sector land management to reduce current stress factors and their cumulative impacts: 1) Regulate atmospheric pollutants or CO₂ emissions or use forest management as a CO₂ sink. 2) Manage tourism, recreation and grazing impacts. 3) Restore degraded areas to maintain genetic diversity and promote ecosystem health. 4) Reduce landscape fragmentation.
Employ vegetation control techniques to offset drought
Enhance forest growth through forest fertilization
Plant seedlings from a range of seed sources, particularly from more southern or lower-elevation populations; plant genetically modified species and identify more suitable genotypes
Adapt silvicultural rules and practices to ensure the growth rate of trees is maintained or enhanced. For instance, use pre-commercial thinning or selectively remove suppressed damage or poor quality individuals to increase resource availability to the remaining trees.
Underplant with other species or genotypes where the current advanced regeneration is unacceptable
Reduce the rotation age followed by planting to speed the establishment of better adapted species
Develop 'disturbance-smart' landscapes
Actively manage forest pests
Employ silvicultural techniques to promote forest productivity and increase stand vigour to lower the susceptibility to drought or insect attack
Plant genotypes or species that are tolerant of drought, insects and/or disease and fire
Use prescribed burning or other fuel treatments to reduce fire risk and reduce forest vulnerability to insect outbreaks
Allow forests to regenerate naturally following disturbances when possible
Enhance forest recovery after disturbances
Maintain or restore natural fire regimes where historical fire cycles have been disrupted by past fire exclusion and made them more vulnerable to severe future fires
Minimize fragmentation of habitat and maintain connectivity
Maintain a diverse and heterogeneous landscape (mixture of stand age, composition and structure) by applying various silvicultural techniques
Minimize density of permanent road networks and decommission and rehabilitate roads to maximize productive forest areas
Practice low-intensity forestry and prevent conversion to plantations
Protect most highly threatened species ex situ. For instance, create artificial reserves or aboreta to preserve rare species
Assist changes in the distribution of species by introducing them to new areas
Maintain representative forest types across environmental gradients in reserves; protect forest largely undisturbed by human activities; protect climate refugia at multiple scales
Identify and protect functional groups and keystone species
Develop corridors for species migration and habitat protection; provide buffer zones for adjustment of reserve boundaries; consider riparian habitats and ecological transitional zones
Adopt practices such as maintaining, decommissioning, rehabilitating roads to minimize sediment runoff due to increased precipitation and melting of permafrost
Limit harvesting operations to the winter to minimize road construction and soil disturbance
Minimize soil disturbance through low impact harvesting activities
Decommission and rehabilitate roads to maximize forest sinks
Enhance forest growth and carbon sequestration through forest fertilization
Minimize density of permanent road network to maximize forest sinks
Minimize risk of the forest ecosystem becoming a net source of carbon
Modify thinning practices (timing, intensity) and rotation length to increase growth and turnover of carbon
Conduct an assessment of greenhouse gas emissions produced by internal operations
Allocate forest landbase using a triad approach to landscape zoning; allow high-intensity forestry in productive areas projected to remain relatively stable in climate
Decrease impact of natural disturbances on carbon stocks by managing fire and forest pests
Identify areas where deforestation may be avoided
Identify areas where forests have been degraded and can be rehabilitated
Minimize soil disturbance through low-impact harvesting activities
Practice low-intensity forestry and prevent conversion to plantations
Reduce forest degradation and avoid deforestation
Provide opportunities for forest management activities to be included in carbon trading systems
Develop a gene management program to maintain diverse gene pools
Include climate variables in growth and yield models in order to have more specific predictions on the future development of forests
Examine the suitability of current road construction standards and stream crossings to ensure they adequately mitigate the potential impacts on fish and potable water of changes in timing and volume of peak flows
Adapt silvicultural rules and practices to maintain optimum species-site relationships
Review genetic guidelines for reforestation: relax rules governing the movement of seed stocks from one area to another; examine options for modifying seed transfer limits and systems
Design and establish long-term multi-species/seedlot trials to test improved genotypes across a diverse array of climatic and latitudinal environments
Re-assess river and stream peak flows and link them to bridge and road design standards
Avoid constructing roads in landslide-prone terrain where increased precipitation and melting of permafrost may increase hazard of slope failure
Include disturbances in management rules and forest management plans; develop an enhanced capacity for risk management; apply ecosystem management approaches
At the operational level, plan logging, salvage logging and environmental protection with disturbance-triggered contingencies in mind
Breed for pest resistance and for a wider tolerance to a range of climate stresses and extremes in specific genotypes
Protect higher value areas from fire through fire-smart techniques
Adjust harvest schedules to harvest stands most vulnerable to insect outbreaks
Reduce disease losses through sanitation cuts that remove infected trees
Develop technology to use altered wood quality and tree species composition, modify wood processing technology
Increase the proportion of salvage logging as part of overall sustainable harvest levels
Shorten the rotation length to decrease the period of stand vulnerability to disturbances and to facilitate change to more suitable species
Development of forest management plans that reduce vulnerability of forests and forest-dependent communities to climate change
Establish objectives for the future forest under climate change
Make choices about the preferred tree species composition for the future
Increase awareness about the potential impact of climate change and encourage proactive actions, e.g., climate change impacts on the fire regime and proactive actions in regard to fuel management and community protection
Enhance dialogue amongst stakeholder groups to establish priorities for action on climate change adaptation in the forest sector
Support research on climate change, climate impacts and climate change adaptations and increase resources for basic climate change impacts and adaptation science
Encourage societal adaptation
Enhance capacity to undertake integrated assessments of system vulnerabilities at various scales
Review forest policies, forest planning, forest management approaches and society's institutions to assess our ability to achieve social objectives under climate change
Support knowledge exchange, technology transfer, capacity building and information sharing on climate change; maintain or improve capacity for communications and networking
Incorporate new knowledge about the future climate and forest management plans and policies
Include climate variables in growth and yield models and incorporate climate change effects into long-term timber supply analysis and forest management plans
Foster learning and innovation and conduct research to determine when and where to implement adaptive responses
Anticipate variability and change and conduct vulnerability assessments at a regional scale
Remove barriers and develop incentives to adapt to climate change; encourage local and community-based adaptation planning, informed by local knowledge and empowered with more local control
Provide incentives and remove barriers to enhancing carbon sinks and reducing greenhouse gas emissions
Involve the public in an assessment of forest management adaptation options
Provide long-term tenures to encourage long-term considerations within short-term decisions
Develop flexible forest management policies, plans and practices that are capable of responding to changes
Practice adaptive management: rigorously combine management, research, monitoring, and means of changing practices so that credible information is gained and management activities are modified by experience; include risk assessment practices
Measure, monitor and report on indicators of climate change and sustainable forest management to determine the state of the forest and identify when critical thresholds are reached
Develop flexible forest management plans and policies that are capable of responding to changes
Evaluate the adequacy of existing environmental and biological monitoring networks for tracking the impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems, identify inadequacies and gaps in these networks and identify options to address them
Diversify economy (forest, regional)

Pedlar et al. 2011
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg180/ref180&dbid=16&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.5558%2Ftfc2011-093

Adaptation Options

Assisted range expansion: regional expansion of northern, inland, or upper elevational limit of species for reforestation to track climatic niches

Pelgas et al. 2011
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg181/ref181&dbid=16&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.1186%2F1471-2164-12-145

Adaptation Options

Use genomics approaches to generate genetic data and molecular tools for i) identifying forest tree species and populations that are vulnerable to climate change, ii) supporting breeding programs and migration initiatives, and iii) refining models used to predict species distribution and productivity under climate change.

Prunier et al. 2011
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg190/ref190&dbid=16&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2011.05045.x

Adaptation Options

Use genomics approaches to generate genetic data and molecular tools for i) identifying forest tree species and populations that are vulnerable to climate change, ii) supporting breeding programs and migration initiatives, and iii) refining models used to predict species distribution and productivity under climate change.

Raulier et al. 2013
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg192/ref192&dbid=16&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.1016%2Fj.ecolind.2012.07.023

Adaptation Options

Account for disturbance losses at all stages of planning

Rose and Burton 2009
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg197/ref197&dbid=16&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.1016%2Fj.foreco.2009.07.053

Adaptation Options

Focus silvicultural investments in areas projected to have relatively stable climates
Maintain representative forest types across environmental gradients in reserves; protect forest largely undisturbed by human activities; protect climate refugia at multiple scales
Identify and protect functional groups and keystone species
Allocate forest landbase using a triad approach to landscape zoning; allow high-intensity forestry in productive areas projected to remain relatively stable in climate

Sarr and Puettmann 2008
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg199/ref199&dbid=16&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.2980%2F1195-6860%282008%2915%5B17%3AFMRADE%5D2.0.CO%3B2

Adaptation Options

Manage for the maintenance of complexity and diversity of responses to changing conditions

Savage et al. 2010
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg200/ref200&dbid=20&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.1139%2FX10-065

Adaptation Options

Account for disturbance losses at all stages of planning

Seavy et al. 2009
http://er.uwpress.org/content/27/3/330

Adaptation Options

Develop corridors for species migration and habitat protection; provide buffer zones for adjustment of reserve boundaries; consider riparian habitats and ecological transitional zones

Seppälä 2009
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02827580903378626

Adaptation Options

Develop flexible forest management policies, plans and practices that are capable of responding to changes

Seppälä et al. 2009a
http://www.iufro.org/science/gfep/adaptaion-panel/the-report/

Adaptation Options

Maintain diversity in genes, species, and ecosystem conditions

Seppälä et al. 2009b
http://formin.finland.fi/public/download.aspx?ID=41762&GUID=%7B498ECBA4-4B0C-4372-BF3A-AB9174AE9F96%7D

Adaptation Options

Maintain diversity in genes, species, and ecosystem conditions

Singer and Parmesan 2010
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20819810?dopt=Abstract

Adaptation Options

Study the synchrony between trees and animals (phenology of the development) both in parasitic and mutualistic relationships with a focus on keystone species

Stanturf and Madsen 2002
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg214/ref214&dbid=16&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.1080%2F11263500212331351049

Adaptation Options

Implement restoration options to recover structural or compositional heterogeneity lost through past management practices

Ste-Marie 2011
http://pubs.cif-ifc.org/doi/abs/10.5558/tfc2011-082

Adaptation Options

Design and establish long-term multi-species/seedlot trials to test improved genotypes across a diverse array of climatic and latitudinal environments

Tubby and Webber 2010
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg225/ref225&dbid=16&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.1093%2Fforestry%2Fcpq027

Adaptation Options

Proactively control the origin of trees planted in urban context (select tree species best suited to local conditions and desired ecosystem services). Not well adapted and stressed trees are more susceptible to pests and can be a route of entry for exotic pests (impact natural forests)

Vandergast et al. 2008
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg228/ref228&dbid=16&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2008.04.009

Adaptation Options

Develop corridors for species migration and habitat protection; provide buffer zones for adjustment of reserve boundaries; consider riparian habitats and ecological transitional zones
Protect high evolutionary potential areas, including biodiversity hotspots

West et al. 2009
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg232/ref232&dbid=16&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.1007%2Fs00267-009-9345-1

Adaptation Options

Minimize fragmentation of habitat and maintain connectivity
Develop corridors for species migration and habitat protection; provide buffer zones for adjustment of reserve boundaries; consider riparian habitats and ecological transitional zones

Whitham et al. 2003
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg235/ref235&dbid=16&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.1890%2F0012-9658%282003%29084%5B0559%3ACAEGAC%5D2.0.CO%3B2

Adaptation Options

Maintain diversity in genes, species, and ecosystem conditions

Whitham et al. 2006
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778835?dopt=Abstract

Adaptation Options

Maintain diversity in genes, species, and ecosystem conditions

Williamson et al. 2009
http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/pubwarehouse/pdfs/29616.pdf

Adaptation Options

Modify seed transfer zones
Plant alternative genotypes or new species in anticipation of future climate
Develop 'disturbance-smart' landscapes
Maintain a diverse and heterogeneous landscape (mixture of stand age, composition and structure) by applying various silvicultural techniques
Use silvicultural systems that maintain genetic, species and landscape diversity
Develop corridors for species migration and habitat protection; provide buffer zones for adjustment of reserve boundaries; consider riparian habitats and ecological transitional zones
Prepare for reduced winter harvest
Include climate change considerations when planning, constructing, or replacing infrastructure
At the operational level, plan logging, salvage logging and environmental protection with disturbance-triggered contingencies in mind
Develop technology to use altered wood quality and tree species composition, modify wood processing technology
Prepare for variable timber supply
Plan landscapes to minimize the spread of insects and diseases
Increase the proportion of salvage logging as part of overall sustainable harvest levels
Shorten the rotation length to decrease the period of stand vulnerability to disturbances and to facilitate change to more suitable species
Enhance awareness and understanding of climate change in the forest sector: communications, debate, education
Include climate variables in growth and yield models and incorporate climate change effects into long-term timber supply analysis and forest management plans
Expand conservation education programs to include climate change
Agree on standardized climate scenarios for analysis
Engage the public in a dialogue on values and management under a changing climate
Incorporate climate change into land use plans and consider the possibility of land use changes at specific locales (forest to agriculture and vice versa)
Prepare for increases in wildfire activity
Redesign and/or implement society's institutions that facilitate cost-effective and economically efficient adaptation and that provide forest managers with the tools necessary to achieve forest management objectives
Modify objectives for sustainable forest management, including reduction of expectations and the means we use to achieve them
Monitor to determine when and what changes are occurring
Diversify society

Wotton et al. 2010
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=refg247/ref247&dbid=16&doi=10.1139%2Fer-2013-0064&key=10.1071%2FWF09002

Adaptation Options

Re-assess regional fire danger and prepare for reduced harvesting periods

Database of adaptation options

Adaptation options - References